Interaction of very low-frequency primordial (relic) gravitational waves (GWs) to cosmic microwave background (CMB) can generate B-mode polarization. Here, for the first time we point out that the electromagnetic (EM) response to high-frequency GWs (HFGWs) would produce quasi-B-mode distribution of the perturbative photon fluxes. We study the duality and high complementarity between such two B-modes, and it is shown that such two effects are from the same physical origin: the tensor perturbation of the GWs and not the density perturbation. Based on this quasi-B-mode in HFGWs and related numerical calculation, it is shown that the distinguishing and observing of HFGWs from the braneworld would be quite possible due to their large amplitude, higher frequency and very different physical behaviors between the perturbative photon fluxes and background photons, and the measurement of relic HFGWs may also be possible though face to enormous challenge. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
National Natural Science Foundation of China [11375279, 11605015, 11205254]
; Foundation of China Academy of Engineering Physics [2008 T0401, T0402]
; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [106112016CDJXY300002, 106112015CDJRC131216]
; Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China [Y5KF181CJ1]
